A three phase system is an arrangement of three windings producing three single phase voltages of the same magnitude and frequency but displaced 120° from one another. The three windings are suitably connected so that the three voltages act simultaneously in the circuit, each supplying power at different intervals of time to a common load. It is similar to a multi-cylinder engine in which each cylinder supplies power at different intervals of time to a common crankshaft. The following are the advantages of three phase system over single phase system:
1. Constant Power
In a single phase circuit, the instantaneous power varies sinusoidally from zero to a peak value at twice the supply frequency. This pulsating nature of power is objectionable for many applications. However, in a balanced three phase system, power supplied at all instants of time is constant. Because of this, the operating characteristics of three phase apparatus, in general, are superior to those of similar single phase apparatus.
2. Greater Output
The output of a three phase machine is greater than that of a single phase machine for a given volume and weight of the machine. In other words, a three phase machine is smaller than a single phase machine of the same rating. This is a distinct advantage of three phase system over single phase system.
3.Cheaper
The three phase motors are much smaller and less expensive than single phase motor because less material (copper, iron, insulation) is required. Moreover, three phase motors are self-starting i.e, they do not require any special provision to get them started. However, single phase motors require internal starting device.
4. Power Transmission Economics
Transmission of electric power by three phase system is cheaper than that of single phase system, even though three conductors are required instead of two. For example, to transmit the same amount of power over a fixed distance at a given voltage, the three phase system requires only 3/4th the weight of copper than that required by the single phase system. This means a saving in the number and strength of transmission towers.
5. Three Phase Rectifier Service
Rectified three phase voltage is smoother than rectified single phase voltage. As a result, it is easier to filter out the ripple component of three phase voltage than that of a single phase voltage. This is especially useful where large a.c power is to be converted into steady d.c. power e. g. radio and television transmitters.
6 Miscellaneous Advantages
* A three phase system can set up a rotating magnetic field in stationary windings. This cannot be done with a single phase current.
* The three phase motors are more efficient and have a higher power factor than single phase motors of the same capacity.